We are project.

My group consisted of Vivek Sainanee, Rainier Ruiz and Brett Peterson. Our topic focused on music of the 1970s-80s. Our theme was the influence of music on society/culture in the 70's and 80's. We are interpreters of culture through music. We covered four main areas; different genres, different famous People and Artists, basic music and technology, and clothing and accessories. We were able to learn that indeed, music does impact the culture greatly.

We had diffrent items for each of the sides. For the genres side, we used a record and cd (rock and jazz). While for artists, we had biographies of artists like Michael Jackson and Bruce Springsteen. As for technology, we had a record player and mini records. For the accessories, we put on two different styles of clothing as well as a tape recorder.

We searched for the items at goodwill, but most of the items were found in the houses of group members.

Everything went well, we tried to get smaller boxes, but the only one available at the time was the large box. We all worked well together and was productive.

For furture classes, I would suggest that they find peers whom they can work with and not get distracted by. Also, choosing a topic that is truly interesting would make the process a lot more enjoyable. This was definitely a new and fun experience.

Miranda Vs. Arizona

"You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney present during questioning. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you. Do you understand these rights?"

The Supreme Court System created one of the most well known cases; Miranda v. Arizona, changed not only peoples rights under the Constitution, but the way that Police had to interact with their suspects.

Ernesto Miranda was arrested for kidnapping and rape. His conviction was "largely based on his confession". Ernesto Miranda then appealed to a higher court in Arizona because he claimed that his Fifth Amendment Rights. Since the police had never once mentioned his right to an attorney or any of his other rights, his case was allowed.

The State Supreme Court Argued that Ernesto Miranda didnt ask for a lawyer,and the police were not obligated to ask him. June thirteenth, 1966, the Supreme Court, in a 5-4 vote, a majoirty ruled in Miranda's favor.

Found Art Project Music of 70's and 80's

The theme my group chose is Music of the 1970’s and 1980’s. We decided to split up this topic into music genres, impact on fashion, music in general, and technology. Some examples of music genres in the 70’s and 80’s are Punk and Hip Hop. These were very popular and had major influences on the fashion worn at that time. People in the 70’s would wear leather jackets, spiked collars, and have a Mohawk to demonstrate rebellion. Meanwhile during the 80’s the clothing of Hip Hop was sportswear and represented freedom. The technology changed quite a bit throughout the 70’s and 80’s. The main invention was the phonograph records. They were named by their size and rotational speed, “16⅔ rpm, "33⅓ rpm, "45 rpm, "78 rpm. The standard duration of a disk was around 4 minutes per side, but there was another type of disk, “long play” or “extended play.” These allowed the disk to hold up to 30 minutes and were generally larger. These disks were used for full albums. At the end of the 80’s the compact disk was invented and soon replaced all phonograph records.

The items we had were 45rpm records, some pictures of a record player, a compact disk, a punk t-shirt with 70’s music, a spiked collar, and many record cases. We chose the 45rpm records for they were used throughout the 70’s and partly into the 80’s. The compact disk was the upgrade to the phonograph record and was created in the late 80’s. Fashion was popular and the shirt we have demonstrates the music of the time. The spiked collar was another example of the fashion people wore to show their interest in punk music. And the record cases were popular for full albums of musicians and all were American and played during the 70’s or 80’s.

A lot of the items were from our parents for they kept them from the 70’s and 80’s. We had plans to checking out other places like Goodwill if we needed additional items.

Some things I would have done differently would be our box. We really didn’t have any other option, but I think it would’ve been cooler if we had some super creative idea like the evolution of fast food.

Some advice I would give to next year’s class would to choose a topic that you can easily find items to bring in. I think that’s a major reason why my group had so many items. I know some groups weren’t able to find many items so the topic definitely made a difference. As always don’t procrastinate even though everyone does, including myself.

A picture we took and used on our project. It was too big for us to bring

-Brett

Aquatic Environmentalism

The theme for our Found Art Project was Aquatic Environmentalism in the U.S. during the environmental movement era. As a group we put together many pieces of artwork that reflected the mood of the era and the need for a change in the U.S.'s treatment of its water. We covered the Pacific and Atlantic, and Gulf coasts of America as well as the Great Lakes, minor lakes, and rivers. Our project has many pictures of pollution in water as well as pictures of the bodies of water when they are untouched by humans. The contrast between the pictures is great and it allows the viewer to fully understand the need to preserve water in America, and what has been done to protect it.

 

            We chose articles that explained how people have helped to preserve America's bodies of water. We found that many Americans have dedicated their lives to help out with the environment. Because of their dedication, our national parks, lakes, rivers, and coasts are more beautiful than they were. A myriad of organizations (governmental and nongovernmental) have helped in this cause. We placed the logos of these organizations throughout our project to emphasize how much they have helped. We placed pictures of garbage to represent the garbage that is floating around in the Pacific Ocean and other parts. To represent the island of garbage we placed a plastic bottle and attached it to our project. We also placed a bottle of Pennzoil to represent the oil spills that are occurring in the oceans. Millions of tons of oil have been spilled leading to the deaths of many fish and seabirds. We placed pictures of these oil-covered birds on our project. We placed biographies and pictures of important people like Ken Salazar in order to give a face to the groups of people that have helped the environment. We also placed USGS maps of Lake Tahoe that show the dimensions and volume. With these pictures we hope to show how unique each of these bodies of water are and how they need to all be treated well.

 

            We obtained our found art by looking at popular art during the environmental movement. Ansel Adams is one example of an artist who was able to inspire pride in the environment by taking beautiful pictures. We found his post cards in a shop. The USGS maps were found on the official website and the pictures of the ocean were found online as well. In popular magazines we were able to find articles on places such as Sea Ranch, where architects built eco-friendly homes. Items like the Pennzoil and the plastic bottle were found in our garages and our garbage cans.

 

            If I were to do one thing differently in this project, I would make sure to start looking for the found art earlier on. It was hard to find items and our group was forced to scramble at the very end to find more art. In the end, everything came together well, but it would have been nice to have all of our items together a day before we put them on the boxes.

 

            I would tell next years class to start looking for found art everywhere that they can. I would also tell them to pick a topic that they are interested in. It makes the project much easier when you already have some of the art in your own home. For example, it was very convenient for me to have environmentalism as a topic because I have pictures from Ansel Adams in my home. I also recommend that next year’s class speak to their group everyday to make sure that everyone is on task.

 

Bryce Filler

Period E

 

Final Project: Environment

The theme of our project is the environment, specifically about the body of water. We are showing about how over the years so much trash has gathered together, one in each ocean. In the Pacific, it is now to a point where the island of trash is now almost twice the size of the state of Texas.
To represent this we used a number of different materials. We gathered pictures of the trash infested beaches, and pictures of the animals that are suffering as a result of all the pollution. We have included descriptions of people with significance in relation to our topic. And we have included pieces of trash from around the campus.
My advise to those who do this project in the future is to make sure you stay organized, and don't put anything off until the last minute. Allow yourself plenty of time to put together your materials. Also pick a topic that you're interested in because you will be spending a lot of time on it.

We are becoming basement dwellers

We are becoming basement dwellers

Theme: The theme of our project was the emergence of video games and their impact on society. We chose topic because video games have become one of the biggest form of entertainment for teens and children alike. They have also had a huge impact on society through their creation of a generational gap and their influence on popular culture.

Choice of Items: We chose items we felt best represented early video games and displayed their impact on society. These items included items that represented the gaming industry, such as an advertisement for an early arcade and advertisements for specific video games.

Method to obtain items: We used a variety of methods to obtain objects. First, we checked to see if any of the members of our group had the item. If so that was great, otherwise we had to expand our search. We then asked our friends and family members if they could supply the necessary items, and, after a bit of searching around, we got most of what we hoped to get.

What we would do differently: I think if I were to do this again I would make our display a bit more colorful. Although we were going for a somewhat uncolorful look and yet busy look in order to imitate the style of old video games, I feel as though this concept did not come across in our layout.

Advice for next years Class: Good communication is the key for this project. Make sure all of your group members are in the loop and understand what needs to be done. Good communication makes the whole project, from designing the layout to obtaining the sources, much easier.

-Lisa

Project: We are.....

Are project is about the emergence of video games and what effect on society they had. We cover the different types of games that became out in the period of time we covered. To come up with these items we searched up online and looked around for different things among each other.

Technology In 1970-1990's

My groups theme was everyday uses of technology in the 70's though 90's. When we say everyday technology we mean things we use everyday such as a computer, VHS tapes, or a just a floppy disk. There were many methods we used to get our items like asking our teachers our are parents but the most effective was to just look in old storage and in the attic for old technology

The Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan was proposed by secretary of state George Marshall in June 1947. The goal of this plan was to help European nations that were effected in the war. The main reason why this plan was made was to be humane this plan was not for or against one specific nation. It was to fight and stand against poverty and hunger. The way they helped to stop poverty they gave 13 billion dollars to 16 nations in Europe.

Posting #4- Technology

The theme for our poster was, “We are technologic”. We decided to do our project on the advancement of technology in the United States. Technology is a huge part of our everyday society and the advances the country makes in technology greatly affect the possibilities in other fields. We modeled our box like an old computer because a lot of our found art was computer or computer chip related. We wanted item’s that fit into our technology theme. Since the overall box was supposed to look like a computer, we used an actual keyboard and wires. We showed the different types of recording equipment during this time such as VHS tape, a cassette tape, and an early audio CD. We chose two posters that explained the way that these new computer chips worked and a microprocessor chip from Zilog. We also brought in an old Texas Instrament calculator, a Holme remote, a lightbulb for a projector, a sticker with the innovative Apple computer logo on it,  along with pictures and quotes from the founders of Apple and Microsoft. The first step collecting our found art was looking to see what each of us owned relating to technology from the 1970’s through 1980’s. Once we had about twenty items using this method we double-checked when each was produced in order to make sure we didn’t present any false information. Here we started to organize our found art into different piles for what they are used for. We picked our found art out of these piles hoping to have the most variety possible. The found art items that we brought in are important because they show the way that technology advances such as the cassette to an audio CD. Technology will continue to advance as our country grows older, and it is important to keep innovation in mind to fulfill our full technological potential. The only thing that I think could be done differently would be to start assembling the box’s earlier to make sure that everyone is prepared for the deadlines. My advice for next year’s class would be to pick a theme with as many found art opportunities as possible. I think that technology for my group was not hard to come up with compared to the Watergate Trials fro example.

Technology from 1970-1990

1)For our found art project, we explored technology from 1970 - 1990. The overall theme was the technology made for everyday uses. For instant, the computer, boom boxed, and etc. There was a trend of products getting smaller and more convenient for every day uses; in addition, prices dropped. We decided to pick this theme because the technological advances made back then has heavily impacted the society and culture we live in today, where everything is very technological and many heavily rely on the products made.
2)The items we brought in represented everyday technology, ranging for television to computers, to boom boxes, used back in the 1970's to 1990's. We brought in a VHS, Zilog Poster, cassette tape, calculator, Holme Remote, floppy disc, audio CD, mouse, keyboard, projection light, Zilog chip, sticker of the Apple Logo, pictures and quotes of the founders of Apple and Microsoft. These items are the considered the "founding father" of many products we use today.
3)Most of these items were stored in garage boxes or cramp attics from our respected homes. We also asked around to see if anyone still had technological stuff dating back from 1970 to 1990. A couple of teachers offered a few items when asked. Also, Ms. Sanderson handed our group a few items (floppy disc, projection light, mouse) from her own personal collection or other teachers'.
4)If I had the chance to do anything differently I would try to include more quotes/images from the web. Our project has a lot of found art on it, but a little color would also be nice. Also, it would be nice to find another way to put stuff on our boxes beside the use of tape. A few of the objects are heavy so they were difficult to put on.
5)Advice for next year's class would be to find lighter weighted objects. We found that the heavier objects had to go on top of our box, which kind of sank the top in a little. We found that websites that had timelines of technological advances made were very useful and easy to understand. Also, thoroughly research the items brought in; we almost brought in products not made by American companies.

Emergence of Video Games in the 80s

Written by: Albert

Theme:
My group did our project on the emergence of video games in the 80s and how it ushered in an entirely new field in electronics and entertainment.

Items:
Game quotes to explain the people's opinions on video games.
Two SNES game controllers, 4 SNES game cartridges, creen shots of old games in progress to convey the idea of how such a giant field in entertainment started.
Advertisements for old games and arcades to show how much of a demand the games were
back then.

Method:
I already have an SNES, along with the two controllers and the 4 games. Daniel brought in an old comic that had ads for games. My group got the quotes and screen shots online.

I would not have done this project any differently. I think that this is a great way to convey our thoughts.

As for advice, I would suggest that next year's class start putting the project together, as it can take some time. I would also suggest that next year's class exchange contact information.

The Marsall Plan

The Marshall Plan is the program, proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, under which the Unites States supplied economic aid to European nations to help them rebuild after World War 2. It was directed against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. The Marshall Plan revived European hopes. With the help of the marshall plan 16 countries received some $13 billion in aid. By 1952, Western Europe was flourishing, and the Communist party had lost much of its appeal to voters. It was directed against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.

The Great President

Lyndon Baines Johnson is forever remembered as the president with limitless motivation and desire to bring change to the United States. He was a fourth generation Texan who desired social change and wanted to help people. When he came into office he set up "The Great Society", a vision for America that would attempt to bring about social change and equality. He single-handedly had 206 measures passed by congress, proving that he was able to implement policy change. "The Great Society" fought poverty and worked to improve education, healthcare, housing, immigration, the environment, and consumer protection. To do this he created separate programs over three years.

Johnson's first reforms were aimed at curbing poverty problems. He reduced taxes in order to improve economic growth. With the Economic Opportunity Act, he created Job Corps, VISTA, Project Head Start, and other programs to fight poverty. With these the poor were given aid. While they did not cure poverty in America, many people recieved help who needed it.

Education was given focus through the years of 1965 and 1966. Johnson sent many bills to Congress. He reasoned that with education, a better America could be created. With the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, one billion dollars in aid money was given to schools. This money brought in new materials and textbooks for students. 

Healthcare was improved in the Johnson administration. Social Security was changed by Congress to Medicare and Medicaid. They both dealt with insurance money. Americans over the age of 65 recieved hospital insurance from Medicare. Those who were welfare recipients also recieved extended healthcare insurance through Medicaid. These two policies protected many Americans.

Many houses were built in order to shift political power from rural to urban areas in America. In order to do this many housing units were built in urban areas. The department of Housing and Urban Development helped to manage the new constructions.

Before the Immigration Act of 1965, many non-European immigrants were not allowed into the country. With this Act in place, immigrants came to the U.S. from all around the world. The previous quotas based on nationality were deemed unfair. This was a sign that racial tolerance was becoming more popular with the average American.

Johnson noted that many pesticides and chemicals were hurting America's water. The Water Quality Act of 1965. Many Americans became aware of the terrible treatment of the environment during the sixties. The environmental movement would eventually come into existence and shine throughout the 60s and 70s.

With many Americans buying goods in Americas strong economy, companies started to take advantage of consumers. This trend that started in the fifties would lose its novelty and many Americans desired protection from poor customer service. Truth-in-packaging laws were created in order to stop companies from selling Americans "false" goods.

With so many different aspects of "The Great Society" influencing America, we often take many of these ideas for granted. Johnson helped shape America into a more liberally minded country. Many of the young Americans moved into an era of counterculture, an eccentric lifestyle where change was usually considered a step in the right direction. However, conservative Americans did not like the social, political, and economic changes that were affecting America. While many changes were made in "The Great Society" the conservative America would retaliate by putting a Republican into office. This hampered some of the work done by Johnson, but his social changes would remain in America for the long-run.

Bryce Filler, Period E

Miranda v. Arizona

The case of Miranda v. Arizona (1966) was very crucial to shaping the future of police investigation. It wasn’t until this case that police had to inform their suspect of their rights. In 1963, Ernesto Miranda was arrested at his home in Phoenix, Arizona. The charges of the arrest were kidnapping and rape. The police were questioning him non-stop for two hours until he finally confessed. During the trial, Miranda claimed his confession was invalid. The reason for this was because the police never informed him of his right to an attorney or his right to avoid self-incrimination. In the end, the Court ruled in favor of Miranda saying that police must inform criminal suspects of their legal rights at the time of arrest and may not interrogate suspects who invoke their rights.

Chief Justice Earl Warren said that he based his argument on the Fifth Amendment. For those who don’t know it, it guarantees that an accused person cannot be forced “to be a witness against himself” or herself. Warren said that because the police interrogations are “inherently intimidating,” it doesn’t allow the defendant’s statements to be the product of free choice.

There are many reasons why Miranda v. Arizona is important, but to Chief Justice Earl Warren, it allowed him to have a strong opinion about the case. As a result the case, police have detailed instructions of what to say during the arrest of a suspect. The reason of this is to prevent another case similar to Miranda v. Arizona.

The case wasn’t an easy decision for the rest of the world. Many critics claimed that this ruling would cause more crime due to the fact that it is harder to convict the suspects. Soon afterwards, police officers placed the rights of the suspect on a card, which became known as the Miranda warning. The Miranda warning is still used today and is often portrayed on television police, law, and criminal shows.

Brett

Crisis Over Berlin and the Bay of Pigs

Kennedy had one main goal to help him through the Cuban missile crisis and that was proving to Khruschev his determination to contain communism. In 1961, Berlin was a city in great turmoil. In the past 11 years since the Berlin Airlift, just barely 3 million East Germans had gled into West Berlin because it was free of the Communist rule. These people were the example of the failure of East Germany's Communist government. Their leave also deeply weakened that country's economy.
At a summit meeting in Bienna, Austria, in June 1961, Khrushev threatened to sign a treaty with East Germany that would enable that country to close all access roads to West Berlin, in hopes to solve his problem. Kennedy'z determination and America's superior nuclear striking ower prevented Khrushev from closing the air and land routes between West Berlin and West Germany. After days of hard work, the Berlin Wall was erected, spearating East Germany from West Germany.

Miranda v. Arizona

In 1966 a case called Miranda v. Arizona was taken to the Supreme Court where a ruling was made that forever changed the legal system. Miranda was arrested for charges of kidnapping and rape but was never convicted because he wasn't read his rights before making a confession. Chief Justice Earl Warren wrote the majority opinion, believing that the condition a suspect is put in after an arrest is "inherently intimidating". Warren believes a suspect being harassed and tortured for a confession might say something self incriminating that police would later use against them. Because of the Fifth Amendment that states a person shouldn't have to bear a witness against him or herself in any criminal case. Miranda was let go until he was re-tried later on other evidence. It brought up a good point that if every accused person was treated like a criminal then a lot of innocent people would be punished. A lot of people were worried that Miranda would lead to more crime but we still use this today. Every police officer has these rights memorized and reads them to a suspect of every arrest. In a more recent case, Cheif Justice William Rehnquist stated his believes in the Miranda rights and calls them an importaint part of American Culture.

Alana VanZanten

Movement of Migrant Workers

There are about three million farm workers in the United States who harvest much of the produce families eat each day. Most of these workers remain in one place most of the year, but some are migrant workers who move, along with their entire family, as the growing seasons change. In the 1960s there were three major streams of migrant worker movements. These movements included the Pacific Coast, the Midwest, and the Atlantic Coast. While the paths of these migrant workers may have become slightly altered over time, the movement of migrant workers continues to this day. 

The Pacific Coast region has a moderate climate that allows for year-round harvesting. For most of the year migrant workers in this region work on large California fruit farms. They then travel to Washington for the remainder of the year to pick cherries, apples, and other crops. 

Crops in the Midwest and East Coast streams are smaller, consequently workers must keep moving in order to find work. During one year a typical midwestern migrant worker family may pick strawberries in michigan, travel to Ohio to harvest tomatoes, return to Michigan to pick apples, and then travel to Texas for the winter months when it is difficult to find work. 

Some farm workers along the Atlantic Coast stream remain in Florida for the entire year. Others travel as far north as New Hampshire and New York where they work from March through September. Due to harsh winters migrants in the Atlantic Coast region can only find work for six months of the year. 

-Lisa

The Other America

In the 1950's many experienced the financial well being besides the "Other America". The Other America was 40 plus million people in the United States that didn't get anything from the economic boom. Many middle upper class Americans couldnt believe that there could be poverty in a nation so strong. It was mainly non white Americans that had to suffer the poverty and tight dirty living space. Many non whites felt like the country didnt care about them and they weren't even U.S citizen. To help U.S goverment passed the National Household Act in 1949. This act created what we know now as a project. a project is a low income housing space to fit many people into a homes without having to spend money that they dont have. This did help a lot but many of the housing units were rundown and very nasty. Many non whites had very hard times getting jobs mostly africans and mexican americans. This made it hard to get out of there low income houses because they never had the chance to make more money to afford a nice place to live
The Other America was a very big deal in United States. It showed many immigrants that America wasnt as loyal to them as they are to them. Still today many Americans feel that there still is another America

Public Reaction to the Brown Supreme Court Decision

On May 17, 1954, Thurgood Marshall won the case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. In a landmark verdict, the Supreme Court unanimously struck down segregation in schooling as an unconstitutional violation of the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause. That was step number 1. The next step, getting people to accept Step 1, was harder.

Official reaction to the ruling was mixed. In Kansas and Oklahoma, state officials said they expected segregation to end with little trouble, but in Texas, the governor warned that plans might “take Years” to work out. In Mississippi and Georgia, officials vowed total resistance. Within a year, more than 500 school districts had desegregated their classrooms, and black and white students sat side by side for the first time in history. However, in many areas where African Americans were a majority, whites resisted desegregation. In order to speed things up, the Supreme Court handed down a second ruling in 1955, known as Brown II, that ordered school desegregation implemented “with all deliberate speed.”

In 1948, Arkansas had become the first Southern state to admit African Americans to state universities without being required by a court order. The citizens of Little Rock had elected two men to the school board who publicly backed desegregation.

However, Governor Orval Faubus publicly supported segregation, and, in September 1957, order the National Guard to turn away the “Little Rock Nine,” nine African American students who had volunteered to integrate Little Rock’s Central High School. A federal judge ordered Faubus to let the students into school, and NAACP members called eight of the students and arranged to drive them to school.

The crisis in Little Rock forced Eisenhower to act. He placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and ordered a thousand paratroopers into the city.

Election of 1960 & The Camelot years

In the election of 1960 it was Richard Nixon vs. John Kennedy. It was consider a close race between the two. Nixon was thinking he would win because of the popularity that Eisenhower had had and was thinking of riding that to the top but Kennedy was going to run using his family's wealth and using other means like the media, such as the television. Kennedy also had on his side that he was with civil rights and that talking on the t.v. over different views and debates helped him secure his run. Another event that helped Kennedy's chances of winning was help Martin Luther King Jr. get out of jail sooner by talking with the judge and posting King for bail, this would serve him good P.R. with Midwest and Southern voters. The Camelot years were Kennedy's first years in office in which he made many televised appearance and invited many celebrities and artist to visit him in the white house. The press loved Kennedy because he was charming and liked talking to the press. The Kennedy's where very skilled people and lived so magically in the white house that newspapers would refer to their stay in the white house as The Camelot Years.

MOVEMENT OF MIGRANT WORKERS

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Migrant Workers
As a result of the dust bowl and the depression, many farmers did not have stable jobs. Thus, one of the few ways that they could provide for their families was to find a new job. Rotating with the picking seasons, these workers would move from farm to farm. As the one crop season ended, another would start, and the workers would be on the move, yet again. Nationally, 10% of hired farm workers are migrant workers. There are three regions that are widely popular to migrant workers: The Pacific Coast, The Midwest, and The Atlantic Coast.


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The Pacific Coast
- As a result of the temperate climate, the crop season is year-round.
- The crop seasons usually being their work year in California, and as one crop season dwindles down, the migrant workers vacate the farm in search of other work.
- In the end, many workers drift up to Washington state.
- Some of the crops that are in the Pacific Coast are:
- Cherries
- Apples
- Grapes

http://www.greenfieldreporter.com/content/articles/2007/10/21/news/01.jpg

The Midwest
- In the Midwest, the crops are smaller, so the workers need to move around even more.
- With each crop change, the workers trek to other states.
- For example, when the strawberry season ends in Michigan, the tomato harvest begins in Ohio. When the tomato harvest ends in Ohio, the workers must return to Michigan for apple season.

The Atlantic Coast
- In the Atlantic coast, workers traveled o NH and NY
- However, the climate only allowed them to work from March to September.

Miranda Vs. Arizona

In March 1963, Ernesto Miranda was arrested at his home in Arizona for the count of rape. The police then took him down to the police station and started interrogating him. Miranda, not informed of his rights, eventually signed a written confession of kidnapping and rape. The confession was typed up and said that the confession was voluntary and with "full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement may be used against me." The prosecution used the confession as evidence against Miranda and later on, Miranda was convicted on all counts of kidnapping and rape. 

Eventually, Miranda appealed his case to Supreme Court. Based on testimonies given, it was evident that Miranda was never been told of his rights. In 1966, Supreme Court ruled in favor of Miranda in Miranda vs. Arizona.  The ruling said that all suspect must be read their rights before interrogation or questioning. The legal reasoning behind the ruling was based on the Fifth Amendment, which states that "no person...shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself..." The ruling also was made to ensure that innocent people are not punished and that federal, state, or local authorities will not harass people for political reasons. There was a split reaction from the general public. The liberals supported the decision, saying that it placed necessary limits on police power and protected rights; the conservatives, on the other hand, thought that the ruling benefitted the criminal suspect and limited the power of the police to investigate crimes. In the end, Miranda was retried and convicted based on other evidence. 

Korean War

It was 1910 when Japan took charge of Korea. Their control ended in 1945 as World War II ended. The Japanese troops north of the 38^th parallel, 38 degrees N latitude, surrendered to Soviets and the troops south surrendered to the Americans. As this happened two nations developed, one Communist and one Democratic. In 1948 the Republic of Korea, or better known as South Korea, was established in Seoul while the Communists formed the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in Pyongyang, North Korea.

It was quiet until June 25^th, 1950, when North Korea crossed the 38^th parallel and attacked South Korea. Immediately South Korea called for United Nation support to stop the invasion. The vote for UN support passed because the Soviets were boycotting the council and were not there to veto it. As well as UN support, President Truman ordered American troops near by to help support South Korea.

It seemed like North Korea was unstoppable. It took a month before North Korea had forced the UN and South Korea into a small defense perimeter around Pusan. The first sign stopping the North Koreans was when MacArthur launched a counter attack from the United States. It was September 15^th, 1950, when MacArthur’s troops landed a surprise attack on the west coast of Korea. It wasn’t long before North Korea fled back to the 38^th parallel or surrendered. As they were fleeing back the South Korean and American troops were quickly following. It had seemed like it wouldn’t be long for Korea to unite, until Communist China’s foreign minister, Zhou En-lai decided to intervene.

 

Brett

The Korean War

Japan annexed Korea in 1910 and ruled it until August of 1945. When World War II ended Japanese troops north of the 38th parallel surrendered to the soviets and Korea was divided into two nations. The Democratic People's republic of Korea commonly known as North Korea was a communist nation ruled by Kim II Sung. The Republic of Korea commonly known as South Korea was a democratic nation ruled by Syngman Rhee.

After World War II the United States began to decrease the number of armed forces in South Korea, as a result North Korea took the opportunity to launch a surprise attack on South Korea on June 6, 1950. This and the events that followed are known as the Korean War.

North Korea penetrated into South Korea. South Korea called upon the UN to stop the invasion. The vote in the UN to support South Korea passed. South Korea received more aid when, on June 27, President Truman of the United States ordered troops in Japan to support the South Koreans. He also sent a US fleet into the waters between Taiwan and China.

At first North Korea seemed unstoppable capturing Seoul, the South Korean capital. After a month of combat North Korea forced the UN and South Korean troops into a defensive zone. At this point General MacArthur decided that a counter attack was necessary and launched a surprise landing behind enemy lines while other troops moved north. This resulted in the surrender of about half of the North Korean Troops and the fleeing of the rest back across the 38th parallel.

The Chinese fought back, however, joining the war on the North Korean side. At this point the Korean War had become a war between China and the US. Chinese forces drove the UN South and in January of 1951 all UN and South Korean troops had been pushed out of North Korea. Chinese captured the South Korean capital of Seoul. This was followed by two years of fighting for strategic positions in which no important advancements were made.

In 1951 MacArthur called for an extension of the war into China. When Truman rejected this proposal MacArthur tried to go over Truman's head and was eventually fired.

On June 23, 1951 the Soviet Union suggested a cease fire. Shortly after truce talks began and an agreement was made that the cease fire line would be the existing battle line and that a demilitarized zone would be established. In July of 1953 an armistice was signed that ended the war in a stalemate.

-Lisa

Marshall Plan

Secretary of State G. Marshall purposed a plan to give support to all European countries that needed it. Marshall said that this move was directed "not against any country or doctine but against hunger, proverty, desperation. and chaos". In doing so the next four years following after the communist were losing voters within the western Europeans nations in which America helped with aid. it helped 16 European countries and spent over 13 billion in aid. Slowly this created more tension with communist Russia.

The Marshall Plan

After World War II Western Europe was in a state of chaos. Refugees were living in designated camps with poor living conditions after escaping Nazi concentration camps. At this time many factories and warehouses were bombed and raided as many people literally had no possessions. The living conditions for these refugees got worse as the winter of 1946 caused water transportation to be cut off due to frozen rivers, leading to a fuel shortage. People in the United States looked for a way to help the refugees of these countries and in 1947. Secretary of State George Marshall, proposed a plan of action for the United States. Under the Marshall Plan, the United States provided aid to these Western European nations. The money would help these countries to rebuild their economy after the war. George Marshall when asked to describe the plan stated that the move was directed, "Not against any country or doctrine but against hunger,poverty, desperation, and chaos." Over the next four years after the plan was installed, sixteen countries received $13 billion in economic aid. The United States was satisfied with the loss of power the communist party was receiving and considered these European Countries to be flourishing.

women in the military

Army Chief of Staff General George Marshall pushed for the formation of a Women's Auxillary Army Corps (WAAC). Marshall believed that there were many jobs being performed by soldiers that could better be performed by women. Under that ill, women volunteers would serve in noncombat positions. This bill became law on May 15, 1942. The law gave an official status and salary to women, but still not nearly as many benefits that male soldiers were receiving. In July 1943 the U.S. Army dropped the "auxiliary" status, and granted WAC's full U.S. Army benefits. These women worked as nurses, ambulence drivers, radio operators, and electricians. They basically got nearly all the jobs that did not involve direct combat.

Japanese Americans in Internment Camps

The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor stunned the United States on December 7th, 1941. The frightened citizens of America started to spread false rumors about the Japanese, for instances poisoning vegetables and sabotaging the mining coastal harbors. In response, the US War Department wanted to evacuate the Japanese-Americans from Hawaii in 1942. This however did not occur because the Japanese were 37% of the population in Hawaii. Finally the leader of Hawaii gave in and agreed to send 1,444 (1% of Hawaii's population) Japanese Americans to internment camps. In the contiguous United States, there was much anti-Japanese American sentiment that was published in the newspapers. On February 19th, 1942, FDR signed a bill agreeing to remove all the people with Japanese ancestry and put them in internment camps. The US army rounded up 110,000 Japanese Americans and sent them to these prison camps. No charges were ever filed against these individuals. After WWII, Ronald Reagan signed a bill promising $20,000 to each Japanese American sent to the relocation camps.